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DAFTAR ISI:
Translator’s Foreword xi
Transliteration System for Arabic Characters xv
Preface xvii
CHAPTER 1: Fundamentals 1
DEFINITIONS AND OBJECTIVES 1
A Mysticism? 2
Knowledge and Love 3
Who is the Sufi? 4
A Reality without a Name 5
The Science of Spiritual States 6
The Initiatory Path 8
Goals of the Sufi 11
• Purifying the Soul 12
• Knowing God 12
• Union with God, or “Extinguishing Oneself” in Him? 14
• Dying to Oneself, and Living Again Through Him 15
DIVERSITY IN SUFISM 16
SUFISM AND SHI‘ISM 22
THE ROLE OF THE FEMININE IN SUFISM 27
SOME PREJUDICES REGARDING SUFISM 29
CHAPTER 2: Sufism and Islam 33
TWO NAMES FOR A SINGLE REALITY 33
THE KORANIC MODEL 35
THE MODEL OF MUHAMMAD 43
THE ISLAM OF “EXCELLENCE” 54
Islam, Īmān, Ihsān 54
Sufism Illuminates the Five Pillars 56
Sufism, or Plenary Islam 58
THE LAW (SHARĪ‘A), THE WAY (TARĪQA), AND 59
CHAPTER 3: Sufism in Islamic Culture: Historical Perspective 65
THE PATH OF THE PIONEERS 65
A Foundational Attitude: The Ascetic Renunciation 65
of the World
The “Path of Blame” (Malāma): From Concealment 67
to Provocation
From Asceticism to Mysticism 68
Bistāmī, the Archetype of “Intoxication” 69
The Baghdad “School” of Sufism (Ninth-Tenth Centuries) 70
• Hallāj 70
• Junayd 71
Hakim Tirmidhī: Between Prophecy and Sainthood 73
Persecutions 73
Successors of Junayd and Hallāj 74
The Four Founders of the Legal Schools and Sufism 75
THE CENTURIES OF MATURATION 78
(Tenth-Twelfth Centuries)
Legal Scholars, Traditionnists, Sufis: Assertion of Identities 78
Radiance from Khurasan (Tenth-Eleventh Centuries) 79
• Sufism and Shafi‘ism 79
• Manuals of Sufism 80
Ghazzālī: The Supremacy of Spiritual Intuition over Reason 83
The Persistence of the Mysticism of “Intoxication” 85
POETRY AND METAPHYSICS 87
Iranian Mystical Poetry (Twelfth-Fifteenth Centuries): 87
‘Attār, Rūmī, and Others
Rūmī: Music and Dance 89
Turkish Mystical Poetry: Yūnus Emre 91
Arabic Mystical Poetry: Ibn ‘Arabī and Ibn al-Fārid 92
The Necessity of Interpreting Mystical Poetry 93
Sufi Terminology 94
Ibn ‘Arabī and the Metaphysics of Being 95
Ibn Sab‘īn, or Oneness Without Compromise 98
CREATING A STRUCTURE FOR SUFISM (Twelfth-Fifteenth Centuries) 99
The Formation of the “Initiatory Paths” (Tarīqa) 101
• Iraq 102
• Central Asia and Iran 104
• India 108
• Muslim Spain and the Maghreb 109
• Egypt and Syria 111
• Anatolia 114
• The Caucasus 115
INTEGRATION AND EXPANSION: “SUFISM, THE HEART 117
OF ISLAM”
Recognition of Sufism by the Ulama 117
Sufism is Prominent as the Spirituality of Sunni Islam 120
Hanbalism and Sufism 121
Places of Sufi Social Interactions 122
The “Cult of Saints” 124
The Esoteric Governance of the World 125
SUFISM AND REFORMISM (Eighteenth-Twentieth Centuries) 126
A Decline of Sufism? 126
The Search for Original Purity (Eighteenth-Nineteenth Centuries): Sufism and Wahhabism 127
The Muhammadian Path 128
CHAPTER 4: Sufism As It Is Lived 142
MASTER AND DISCIPLE 142
CHAPTER 5: Sufism and Interreligious Openness 182
Religious Pluralism in Islam 182
The Transcendent Unity of Religions 183
The Legacy of Prophetic Pluralism 188
The “Hidden Idolatry” of Common Believers 189
The Temptation of Syncretism 190
The Pressures of Exoterism and History 191
Concl usion : Sufism Yesterday, Sufism Today 194
The “Degeneration of Time” 194
The Illness of “Brotherhoodism” 195
Adapting to Cyclical Conditions 196
Towards a Restructuring of the Roles of Sufism 198
The Messianic Adventure 199
Sufism in the West 200
Maps 204
Glossary and Index of Technical Terms 207
Index of Proper Names 213
Biographical Notes 219
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